Most commonly used shell commands in Unix-like operating systems

Certainly! Here are some of the most commonly used shell commands in Unix-like operating systems:

1. File and Directory Commands:

   • ls: List directory contents.

   • cd: Change directory.

   • pwd: Print working directory.

   • mkdir: Create a directory.

   • cp: Copy files or directories.

   • mv: Move or rename files or directories.

   • rm: Remove files or directories.

   • touch: Create an empty file.

2. File Content Commands:

   • cat: Concatenate and display the content of files.

   • more or less: Paginate through file content.

   • head: Display the beginning of a file.

   • tail: Display the end of a file.

   • nano or vim/vi: Text editors for creating or editing files.

3. File System Commands:

   • df: Display disk space usage.

   • du: Display directory space usage.

   • mount and umount: Mount and unmount file systems.

   • find: Search for files and directories.

   • grep: Search for patterns within files.

   • chmod: Change file permissions.

4. Process Management:

   • ps: Display information about active processes.

   • top: Display real-time system statistics.

   • kill: Terminate a process.

   • killall: Kill processes by name.

5. User and Group Management:

   • who: Display who is logged in.

   • w: Display information about logged-in users and their activities.

   • useradd, userdel, usermod: Manage user accounts.

   • groupadd, groupdel, groupmod: Manage groups.

6. System Information:

   • uname: Display system information.

   • hostname: Display or set the system's hostname.

   • uptime: Display system uptime.

   • free: Display free and used memory.

7. Networking:

   • ifconfig or ip: Display or configure network interfaces.

   • ping: Check network connectivity.

   • traceroute or tracepath: Trace the route to a host.

   • netstat: Display network statistics.

8. Archiving and Compression:

   • tar: Create or extract tar archives.

   • gzip, gunzip: Compress or decompress files using gzip.

   • zip, unzip: Create or extract zip archives.

9. System Shutdown and Reboot:

   • shutdown: Shut down the system.

   • reboot: Restart the system.

10. Shell Operations:

    • echo: Display a message.

    • history: Display command history.

    • alias: Create command aliases.

    • source or .: Execute commands from a file.

These commands provide a foundation for interacting with the Unix shell and performing various tasks in a Unix-like environment. Keep in mind that the availability and behavior of commands may vary slightly between different Unix distributions.